Radix tree implementation

In data structure, radix tree is a optimized version of a trie. Generally of Trie tree is capable to hold a single character. But radix tree is capable to store hole word.

Implementation

Given collection of words, Our goal is to using of this word construct a valid radix tree. Suppose following data are inserting in radix tree ["romane", "romanus", "romulus", "rubens", "ruber", "rubicon", "rubicundus"]. This example taken from wikipedia.

Constructed Radix Tree 
import java.util.Vector;
// Java Program for
// Radix tree insert
class TreeNode
{
    public String label;
    public Vector < TreeNode > child;
    public TreeNode()
    {
        this.label = "";
        this.child = new Vector < TreeNode > ();
    }
    public TreeNode(String value)
    {
        this.label = value;
        this.child = new Vector < TreeNode > ();
    }
}
public class RadixTree
{
    public TreeNode root;
    public RadixTree()
    {
        this.root = new TreeNode("");
    }
    private int matchingCharacters(String word, TreeNode node)
    {
        int matches   = 0;
        int minLength = 0;
        
        if (node.label.length() >= word.length())
        {
            minLength = word.length();
        }
        else if (node.label.length() < word.length())
        {
            minLength = node.label.length();
        }
        if (minLength > 0)
        {
            // Count matches characters
            for (int i = 0; i < minLength; i++)
            {
                if (word.charAt(i) == node.label.charAt(i))
                {
                    // When characters are same
                    matches++;
                }
                else
                {
                    // When characters are not same
                    return matches;
                }
            }
        }
        // Return the current number of matches
        return matches;
    }
    // Add node in proper place
    private void insertProcess(String word, TreeNode node)
    {
        int matches = matchingCharacters(word, node);
        if ((matches == 0) || (node == root) || 
            ((matches > 0) && (matches < word.length()) && 
             (matches >= node.label.length())))
        {
            boolean inserted = false;
            String newWordPart = word.substring(matches, word.length());
            for (int i = 0; i < node.child.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (node.child.get(i).label.startsWith(
                  "" + newWordPart.charAt(0)))
                {
                    inserted = true;
                    insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child.get(i));
                }
            }
            if (inserted == false)
            {
                // Add new part
                node.child.add(new TreeNode(newWordPart));
            }
        }
        else if (matches < word.length())
        {
            String commonRoot = word.substring(0, matches);
            String branchPreviouslabel = node.label.substring(
              matches, node.label.length());
            String branchNewlabel = word.substring(matches, word.length());
            node.label = commonRoot;
            TreeNode newNodePreviouslabel = new TreeNode(branchPreviouslabel);

            // Add current node child to new node
            for (int i = 0; i < node.child.size(); ++i)
            {
                newNodePreviouslabel.child.add(node.child.get(i));
            }

            // Clear node element
            node.child.clear();

            // Add new node
            node.child.add(newNodePreviouslabel);

            // Add branch new label
            node.child.add(new TreeNode(branchNewlabel));
        }
        else if (matches > node.label.length())
        {
            String newLabel = node.label.substring(
              node.label.length(), word.length());
            
            // Add new label
            node.child.add(new TreeNode(newLabel));
        }
    }
    public void insert(String word)
    {
        this.insertProcess(word, this.root);
    }
    // Display the preorder of tree elements
    public void printPreorder(TreeNode node)
    {
        if (node == null)
        {
            return;
        }
        // Display node value
        System.out.println(node.label);
        
        for (int i = 0; i < node.child.size(); ++i)
        {
            // Visit child node
            printPreorder(node.child.get(i));
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        RadixTree tree = new RadixTree();
        // Add tree node
        tree.insert("romane");
        tree.insert("romanus");
        tree.insert("romulus");
        tree.insert("rubens");
        tree.insert("ruber");
        tree.insert("rubicon");
        tree.insert("rubicundus");
        /*
                    r
                   /  \
                  /    \
                 /      \
                /        \
               om        ub
              /  \      /  \
             an  ulus  e    ic
            / \       / \   / \
           e   us    ns  r on  undus
        
        */
        System.out.print("Preorder Tree Data ");
        // Print Tree nodes
        tree.printPreorder(tree.root);
    }
}

Output

Preorder Tree Data
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package main
import "fmt"
import "strings"
// Go Program for
// Radix tree insert
type TreeNode struct {
    label string
    child [] *TreeNode
}
func getTreeNode(value string) * TreeNode {
    var me *TreeNode = &TreeNode {}
    me.label = value
    me.child = make([] *TreeNode,0)
    return me
}

type RadixTree struct {
    root * TreeNode
}
func getRadixTree() * RadixTree {
    var me *RadixTree = &RadixTree {}
    me.root = getTreeNode("")
    return me
}
func(this RadixTree) matchingCharacters(word string, 
    node * TreeNode) int {
    var matches int = 0
    var minLength int = 0
    if len(node.label) >= len(word) {
        minLength = len(word)
    } else if len(node.label) < len(word) {
        minLength = len(node.label)
    }
    if minLength > 0 {
        // Count matches characters
        for i := 0 ; i < minLength ; i++ {
            if word[i] == node.label[i] {
                // When characters are same
                matches++
            } else {
                // When characters are not same
                return matches
            }
        }
    }
    // Return the current number of matches
    return matches
}
// Add node in proper place
func(this RadixTree) insertProcess(word string, node * TreeNode) {
    var matches int = this.matchingCharacters(word, node)
    if (matches == 0) || (node == this.root) || (
        (matches > 0) && (matches < len(word)) && (
            matches >= len(node.label))) {
        var inserted bool = false
        var newWordPart string = word[matches : len(word) ]
        for i := 0 ; i < len(node.child) ; i++ {
            if strings.HasPrefix(node.child[i].label,
                string(newWordPart[0])) {
                inserted = true
                this.insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child[i])
            }
        }
        if inserted == false {
            // Add new part
            node.child = append(node.child, getTreeNode(newWordPart))
        }
    } else if matches < len(word) {
        var commonRoot string = word[0 : matches]
        var branchPreviouslabel string = node.label[matches : len(node.label)]
        var branchNewlabel string = word[matches : len(word)]
        node.label = commonRoot
        var newNodePreviouslabel * TreeNode = getTreeNode(branchPreviouslabel)
        // Add current node child to new node
        for i := 0 ; i < len(node.child) ; i++ {
            newNodePreviouslabel.child = append(newNodePreviouslabel.child, 
                node.child[i])
        }
        // Clear node element
        node.child = nil
        // Add new node
        node.child = append(node.child, newNodePreviouslabel)
        // Add branch new label
        node.child = append(node.child, getTreeNode(branchNewlabel))
    } else if matches > len(node.label) {
        var newLabel string = node.label[len(node.label) : len(word)]
        // Add new label
        node.child = append(node.child, getTreeNode(newLabel))
    }
}
func(this RadixTree) insert(word string) {
    this.insertProcess(word, this.root)
}
// Display the preorder of tree elements
func(this RadixTree) printPreorder(node * TreeNode) {
    if node == nil {
        return
    }
    // Display node value
    fmt.Println(node.label)
    for i := 0 ; i < len(node.child) ; i++ {
        // Visit child node
        this.printPreorder(node.child[i])
    }
}
func main() {
    var tree * RadixTree = getRadixTree()
    // Add tree node
    tree.insert("romane")
    tree.insert("romanus")
    tree.insert("romulus")
    tree.insert("rubens")
    tree.insert("ruber")
    tree.insert("rubicon")
    tree.insert("rubicundus")
    /*
                r
               /  \
              /    \
             /      \
            /        \
           om        ub
          /  \      /  \
         an  ulus  e    ic
        / \       / \   / \
       e   us    ns  r on  undus
    */
    fmt.Print("Preorder Tree Data ")
    // Tree Tree nodes
    tree.printPreorder(tree.root)
}

Output

Preorder Tree Data
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// Include header file
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;
// C++ Program for
// Radix tree insert
class TreeNode
{
    public: string label;
    vector < TreeNode *> child; 
    TreeNode(){
        this->label = "";
    }
    TreeNode(string value)
    {
        this->label = value;
    }
};
class RadixTree
{
    public: TreeNode *root;
    RadixTree()
    {
        this->root = new TreeNode("");
    }
    int matchingCharacters(string word, TreeNode *node)
    {
        int matches = 0;
        int minLength = 0;
        if (node->label.length() >= word.length())
        {
            minLength = word.length();
        }
        else if (node->label.length() < word.length())
        {
            minLength = node->label.length();
        }
        if (minLength > 0)
        {
            // Count matches characters
            for (int i = 0; i < minLength; i++)
            {
                if (word[i] == node->label[i])
                {
                    // When characters are same
                    matches++;
                }
                else
                {
                    // When characters are not same
                    return matches;
                }
            }
        }
        // Return the current number of matches
        return matches;
    }
    // Add node in proper place
    void insertProcess(string word, TreeNode *node)
    {
        int matches = this->matchingCharacters(word, node);
        if ((matches == 0) || (node == this->root) || 
            ((matches > 0) && (matches < word.length()) && 
             (matches >= node->label.length())))
        {
            bool inserted = false;
            string newWordPart = word.substr(matches, word.length()-matches);
            for (int i = 0; i < node->child.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (node->child.at(i)->label[0] == newWordPart[0])
                {
                    inserted = true;
                    this->insertProcess(newWordPart, node->child.at(i));
                }
            }
            if (inserted == false)
            {
                // Add new part
                node->child.push_back(new TreeNode(newWordPart));
            }
        }
        else if (matches < word.length())
        {
            string commonRoot = word.substr(0, matches);
            string branchPreviouslabel = node->label.substr(matches, node->label.length()-matches);
            string branchNewlabel = word.substr(matches, word.length()-matches);
            node->label = commonRoot;
            TreeNode *newNodePreviouslabel = new TreeNode(branchPreviouslabel);
            // Add current node child to new node
            for (int i = 0; i < node->child.size(); ++i)
            {
                newNodePreviouslabel->child.push_back(node->child.at(i));
            }
            // Clear node element
            node->child.clear();
            // Add new node
            node->child.push_back(newNodePreviouslabel);
            // Add branch new label
            node->child.push_back(new TreeNode(branchNewlabel));
        }
        else if (matches > node->label.length())
        {
            string newLabel = 
              node->label.substr(node->label.length(), word.length());
            // Add new label
            node->child.push_back(new TreeNode(newLabel));
        }
    }
    void insert(string word)
    {
        this->insertProcess(word, this->root);
    }
    // Display the preorder of tree elements
    void printPreorder(TreeNode *node)
    {
        if (node == NULL)
        {
            return;
        }
        // Display node value
        cout << node->label << endl;
        for (int i = 0; i < node->child.size(); ++i)
        {
            // Visit child node
            this->printPreorder(node->child.at(i));
        }
    }
};
int main()
{
    RadixTree *tree = new RadixTree();
    // Add tree node
    tree->insert("romane");
    tree->insert("romanus");
    tree->insert("romulus");
    tree->insert("rubens");
    tree->insert("ruber");
    tree->insert("rubicon");
    tree->insert("rubicundus");
    /*
                r
               /  \
              /    \
             /      \
            /        \
           om        ub
          /  \      /  \
         an  ulus  e    ic
        / \       / \   / \
       e   us    ns  r on  undus
    
    */
    cout << "Preorder Tree Data ";
    // Display Tree nodes
    tree->printPreorder(tree->root);
    return 0;
}

Output

Preorder Tree Data
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// Include namespace system
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
// Csharp Program for
// Radix tree insert
public class TreeNode
{
    public String label;
    public List < TreeNode > child;
    public TreeNode()
    {
        this.label = "";
        this.child = new List < TreeNode > ();
    }
    public TreeNode(String value)
    {
        this.label = value;
        this.child = new List < TreeNode > ();
    }
}
public class RadixTree
{
    public TreeNode root;
    public RadixTree()
    {
        this.root = new TreeNode("");
    }
    private int matchingCharacters(String word, TreeNode node)
    {
        int matches = 0;
        int minLength = 0;
        if (node.label.Length >= word.Length)
        {
            minLength = word.Length;
        }
        else if (node.label.Length < word.Length)
        {
            minLength = node.label.Length;
        }
        if (minLength > 0)
        {
            // Count matches characters
            for (int i = 0; i < minLength; i++)
            {
                if (word[i] == node.label[i])
                {
                    // When characters are same
                    matches++;
                }
                else
                {
                    // When characters are not same
                    return matches;
                }
            }
        }
        // Return the current number of matches
        return matches;
    }
    // Add node in proper place
    private void insertProcess(String word, TreeNode node)
    {
        int matches = this.matchingCharacters(word, node);
        if ((matches == 0) || (node == this.root) || 
            ((matches > 0) && (matches < word.Length) && 
             (matches >= node.label.Length)))
        {
            Boolean inserted = false;
            String newWordPart = word.Substring(matches, word.Length - matches);
            for (int i = 0; i < node.child.Count; ++i)
            {
                if (node.child[i].label.StartsWith("" + newWordPart[0]))
                {
                    inserted = true;
                    this.insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child[i]);
                }
            }
            if (inserted == false)
            {
                // Add new part
                node.child.Add(new TreeNode(newWordPart));
            }
        }
        else if (matches < word.Length)
        {
            String commonRoot = word.Substring(0, matches);
            String branchPreviouslabel = node.label.Substring(matches, node.label.Length- matches);
            String branchNewlabel = word.Substring(matches, word.Length - matches);
            node.label = commonRoot;
            TreeNode newNodePreviouslabel = new TreeNode(branchPreviouslabel);
            // Add current node child to new node
            for (int i = 0; i < node.child.Count; ++i)
            {
                newNodePreviouslabel.child.Add(node.child[i]);
            }
            // Clear node element
            node.child.Clear();
            // Add new node
            node.child.Add(newNodePreviouslabel);
            // Add branch new label
            node.child.Add(new TreeNode(branchNewlabel));
        }
        else if (matches > node.label.Length)
        {
            String newLabel = node.label.Substring(node.label.Length, word.Length);
            // Add new label
            node.child.Add(new TreeNode(newLabel));
        }
    }
    public void insert(String word)
    {
        this.insertProcess(word, this.root);
    }
    // Display the preorder of tree elements
    public void printPreorder(TreeNode node)
    {
        if (node == null)
        {
            return;
        }
        // Display node value
        Console.WriteLine(node.label);
        for (int i = 0; i < node.child.Count; ++i)
        {
            // Visit child node
            this.printPreorder(node.child[i]);
        }
    }
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        RadixTree tree = new RadixTree();
        // Add tree node
        tree.insert("romane");
        tree.insert("romanus");
        tree.insert("romulus");
        tree.insert("rubens");
        tree.insert("ruber");
        tree.insert("rubicon");
        tree.insert("rubicundus");
        /*
                    r
                   /  \
                  /    \
                 /      \
                /        \
               om        ub
              /  \      /  \
             an  ulus  e    ic
            / \       / \   / \
           e   us    ns  r on  undus

        */
        Console.Write("Preorder Tree Data ");
        // Show Tree nodes
        tree.printPreorder(tree.root);
    }
}

Output

Preorder Tree Data
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<?php
// Php Program for
// Radix tree insert
class TreeNode
{
    public $label;
    public $child;

    public  function __construct($value)
    {
        $this->label = $value;
        $this->child = array();
    }
}
class RadixTree
{
    public $root;
    public  function __construct()
    {
        $this->root = new TreeNode("");
    }
    private
    function matchingCharacters($word, $node)
    {
        $matches = 0;
        $minLength = 0;
        if (strlen($node->label) >= strlen($word))
        {
            $minLength = strlen($word);
        }
        else if (strlen($node->label) < strlen($word))
        {
            $minLength = strlen($node->label);
        }
        if ($minLength > 0)
        {
            // Count matches characters
            for ($i = 0; $i < $minLength; $i++)
            {
                if ($word[$i] == $node->label[$i])
                {
                    // When characters are same
                    $matches++;
                }
                else
                {
                    // When characters are not same
                    return $matches;
                }
            }
        }
        // Return the current number of matches
        return $matches;
    }
    // Add node in proper place
    private
    function insertProcess($word, $node)
    {
        $matches = $this->matchingCharacters($word, $node);
        if (($matches == 0) || ($node == $this->root) || 
            (($matches > 0) && ($matches < strlen($word)) && 
                ($matches >= strlen($node->label))))
        {
            $inserted = false;
            $newWordPart = substr($word, $matches, strlen($word) - $matches);
            for ($i = 0; $i < count($node->child); ++$i)
            {
                if ($node->child[$i]->label[0] == $newWordPart[0])
                {
                    $inserted = true;
                    $this->insertProcess($newWordPart, $node->child[$i]);
                }
            }
            if ($inserted == false)
            {
                // Add new part
                $node->child[] = new TreeNode($newWordPart);
            }
        }
        else if ($matches < strlen($word))
        {
            $commonRoot = substr($word, 0, $matches - 0);
            $branchPreviouslabel = substr($node->label, 
                $matches, strlen($node->label) - $matches);
            $branchNewlabel = substr($word, 
                $matches, strlen($word) - $matches);
            $node->label = $commonRoot;
            $newNodePreviouslabel = new TreeNode($branchPreviouslabel);
            // Add current node child to new node
            for ($i = 0; $i < count($node->child); ++$i)
            {
                $newNodePreviouslabel->child[] = $node->child[$i];
            }
            // Clear node element
            $node->child = array();
            // Add new node
            $node->child[] = $newNodePreviouslabel;
            // Add branch new label
            $node->child[] = new TreeNode($branchNewlabel);
        }
        else if ($matches > strlen($node->label))
        {
            $newLabel = substr($node->label, 
                strlen($node->label), 
                strlen($word) - strlen($node->label));
            // Add new label
            $node->child[] = new TreeNode($newLabel);
        }
    }
    public  function insert($word)
    {
        $this->insertProcess($word, $this->root);
    }
    // Display the preorder of tree elements
    public  function printPreorder($node)
    {
        if ($node == NULL)
        {
            return;
        }
        // Display node value
        echo($node->label.
            "\n");
        for ($i = 0; $i < count($node->child); ++$i)
        {
            // Visit child node
            $this->printPreorder($node->child[$i]);
        }
    }
}

function main()
{
    $tree = new RadixTree();
    // Add tree node
    $tree->insert("romane");
    $tree->insert("romanus");
    $tree->insert("romulus");
    $tree->insert("rubens");
    $tree->insert("ruber");
    $tree->insert("rubicon");
    $tree->insert("rubicundus");
    /*
                r
               /  \
              /    \
             /      \
            /        \
           om        ub
          /  \      /  \
         an  ulus  e    ic
        / \       / \   / \
       e   us    ns  r on  undus
    */
    echo("Preorder Tree Data ");
    // Tree Tree nodes
    $tree->printPreorder($tree->root);
}
main();

Output

Preorder Tree Data
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// Node JS Program for
// Radix tree insert
class TreeNode
{

    constructor(value)
    {
        this.label = value;
        this.child =  [];
    }
}
class RadixTree
{
    constructor()
    {
        this.root = new TreeNode("");
    }
    matchingCharacters(word, node)
    {
        var matches = 0;
        var minLength = 0;
        if (node.label.length >= word.length)
        {
            minLength = word.length;
        }
        else if (node.label.length < word.length)
        {
            minLength = node.label.length;
        }
        if (minLength > 0)
        {
            // Count matches characters
            for (var i = 0; i < minLength; i++)
            {
                if (word.charAt(i) == node.label.charAt(i))
                {
                    // When characters are same
                    matches++;
                }
                else
                {
                    // When characters are not same
                    return matches;
                }
            }
        }
        // Return the current number of matches
        return matches;
    }
    // Add node in proper place
    insertProcess(word, node)
    {
        var matches = this.matchingCharacters(word, node);
        if ((matches == 0) || (node == this.root) || 
            ((matches > 0) && (matches < word.length) && 
             (matches >= node.label.length)))
        {
            var inserted = false;
            var newWordPart = word.substring(matches, word.length);
            for (var i = 0; i < node.child.length; ++i)
            {
                if (node.child[i].label.startsWith("" + newWordPart.charAt(0)))
                {
                    inserted = true;
                    this.insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child[i]);
                }
            }
            if (inserted == false)
            {
                // Add new part
                node.child.push(new TreeNode(newWordPart));
            }
        }
        else if (matches < word.length)
        {
            var commonRoot = word.substring(0, matches);
            var branchPreviouslabel = 
            node.label.substring(matches, node.label.length);
            var branchNewlabel = word.substring(matches, word.length);
            node.label = commonRoot;
            var newNodePreviouslabel = new TreeNode(branchPreviouslabel);
            // Add current node child to new node
            for (var i = 0; i < node.child.length; ++i)
            {
                newNodePreviouslabel.child.push(node.child[i]);
            }
            // Clear node element
            node.child = [];
            // Add new node
            node.child.push(newNodePreviouslabel);
            // Add branch new label
            node.child.push(new TreeNode(branchNewlabel));
        }
        else if (matches > node.label.length)
        {
            var newLabel = node.label.substring(
                node.label.length, word.length);
            // Add new label
            node.child.push(new TreeNode(newLabel));
        }
    }
    insert(word)
    {
        this.insertProcess(word, this.root);
    }
    // Display the preorder of tree elements
    printPreorder(node)
    {
        if (node == null)
        {
            return;
        }
        // Display node value
        console.log(node.label);
        for (var i = 0; i < node.child.length; ++i)
        {
            // Visit child node
            this.printPreorder(node.child[i]);
        }
    }
}

function main()
{
    var tree = new RadixTree();
    // Add tree node
    tree.insert("romane");
    tree.insert("romanus");
    tree.insert("romulus");
    tree.insert("rubens");
    tree.insert("ruber");
    tree.insert("rubicon");
    tree.insert("rubicundus");
    /*
                r
               /  \
              /    \
             /      \
            /        \
           om        ub
          /  \      /  \
         an  ulus  e    ic
        / \       / \   / \
       e   us    ns  r on  undus
    */
    process.stdout.write("Preorder Tree Data ");
    // Tree Tree nodes
    tree.printPreorder(tree.root);
}
main();

Output

Preorder Tree Data
r
om
an
e
us
ulus
ub
e
ns
r
ic
on
undus
#  Python 3 Program for
#  Radix tree insert
class TreeNode :
    def __init__(self) :
        self.label = ""
        self.child = []
    
    def __init__(self, value) :
        self.label = value
        self.child = []
    

class RadixTree :
    def __init__(self) :
        self.root = TreeNode("")
    
    def matchingCharacters(self, word, node) :
        matches = 0
        minLength = 0
        if (len(node.label) >= len(word)) :
            minLength = len(word)
        elif (len(node.label) < len(word)) :
            minLength = len(node.label)
        
        if (minLength > 0) :
            i = 0
            #  Count matches characters
            while (i < minLength) :
                if (word[i] == node.label[i]) :
                    #  When characters are same
                    matches += 1
                else :
                    #  When characters are not same
                    return matches
                
                i += 1
            
        
        #  Return the current number of matches
        return matches
    
    #  Add node in proper place
    def insertProcess(self, word, node) :
        matches = self.matchingCharacters(word, node)
        if ((matches == 0) or(node == self.root) or
        ((matches > 0) and(matches < len(word)) and
        (matches >= len(node.label)))) :
            inserted = False
            newWordPart = word[matches: len(word)]
            i = 0
            while (i < len(node.child)) :
                if (node.child[i].label[0] == newWordPart[0]) :
                    inserted = True
                    self.insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child[i])
                
                i += 1
            
            if (inserted == False) :
                #  Add new part
                node.child.append(TreeNode(newWordPart))
            
        elif (matches < len(word)) :
            commonRoot = word[0: matches]
            branchPreviouslabel = node.label[matches: len(node.label)]
            branchNewlabel = word[matches: len(word)]
            node.label = commonRoot
            newNodePreviouslabel = TreeNode(branchPreviouslabel)
            i = 0
            #  Add current node child to new node
            while (i < len(node.child)) :
                newNodePreviouslabel.child.append(node.child[i])
                i += 1
            
            #  Clear node element
            node.child.clear()
            #  Add new node
            node.child.append(newNodePreviouslabel)
            #  Add branch new label
            node.child.append(TreeNode(branchNewlabel))
        elif (matches > len(node.label)) :
            newLabel = node.label[len(node.label): len(word)]
            #  Add new label
            node.child.append(TreeNode(newLabel))
        
    
    def insert(self, word) :
        self.insertProcess(word, self.root)
    
    #  Display the preorder of tree elements
    def printPreorder(self, node) :
        if (node == None) :
            return
        
        #  Display node value
        print(node.label)
        i = 0
        while (i < len(node.child)) :
            #  Visit child node
            self.printPreorder(node.child[i])
            i += 1
        
    

def main() :
    tree = RadixTree()
    #  Add tree node
    tree.insert("romane")
    tree.insert("romanus")
    tree.insert("romulus")
    tree.insert("rubens")
    tree.insert("ruber")
    tree.insert("rubicon")
    tree.insert("rubicundus")
    #                   r
    #                  /  \
    #                 /    \
    #                /      \
    #               /        \
    #              om        ub
    #             /  \      /  \
    #            an  ulus  e    ic
    #           / \       / \   / \
    #          e   us    ns  r on  undus
    print("Preorder Tree Data ", end = "")
    #  Tree Tree nodes
    tree.printPreorder(tree.root)

if __name__ == "__main__": main()

Output

Preorder Tree Data
r
om
an
e
us
ulus
ub
e
ns
r
ic
on
undus
#  Ruby Program for
#  Radix tree insert
class TreeNode 
    # Define the accessor and reader of class TreeNode
    attr_reader :label, :child
    attr_accessor :label, :child
    def initialize() 
        self.label = ""
        self.child = []
    end

    def initialize(value) 
        self.label = value
        self.child = []
    end

end

class RadixTree 
    # Define the accessor and reader of class RadixTree
    attr_reader :root
    attr_accessor :root
    def initialize() 
        self.root = TreeNode.new("")
    end

    def matchingCharacters(word, node) 
        matches = 0
        minLength = 0
        if (node.label.length >= word.length) 
            minLength = word.length
        elsif (node.label.length < word.length) 
            minLength = node.label.length
        end

        if (minLength > 0) 
            i = 0
            #  Count matches characters
            while (i < minLength) 
                if (word[i] == node.label[i]) 
                    #  When characters are same
                    matches += 1
                else
 
                    #  When characters are not same
                    return matches
                end

                i += 1
            end

        end

        #  Return the current number of matches
        return matches
    end

    #  Add node in proper place
    def insertProcess(word, node) 
        matches = self.matchingCharacters(word, node)
        if ((matches == 0) || (node == self.root) || 
            ((matches > 0) && (matches < word.length) && 
             (matches >= node.label.length))) 
            inserted = false
            newWordPart = word[matches...word.length]
            i = 0
            while (i < node.child.length) 
                if (node.child[i].label[0] == newWordPart[0].to_s) 
                    inserted = true
                    self.insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child[i])
                end

                i += 1
            end

            if (inserted == false) 
                #  Add new part
                node.child.push(TreeNode.new(newWordPart))
            end

        elsif (matches < word.length) 
            commonRoot = word[0...matches]
            branchPreviouslabel = node.label[matches...node.label.length]
            branchNewlabel = word[matches...word.length]
            node.label = commonRoot
            newNodePreviouslabel = TreeNode.new(branchPreviouslabel)
            i = 0
            #  Add current node child to new node
            while (i < node.child.length) 
                newNodePreviouslabel.child.push(node.child[i])
                i += 1
            end

            #  Clear node element
            node.child.clear()
            #  Add new node
            node.child.push(newNodePreviouslabel)
            #  Add branch new label
            node.child.push(TreeNode.new(branchNewlabel))
        elsif (matches > node.label.length) 
            newLabel = node.label[node.label.length...word.length]
            #  Add new label
            node.child.push(TreeNode.new(newLabel))
        end

    end

    def insert(word) 
        self.insertProcess(word, self.root)
    end

    #  Display the preorder of tree elements
    def printPreorder(node) 
        if (node == nil) 
            return
        end

        #  Display node value
        print(node.label, "\n")
        i = 0
        while (i < node.child.length) 
            #  Visit child node
            self.printPreorder(node.child[i])
            i += 1
        end

    end

end

def main() 
    tree = RadixTree.new()
    #  Add tree node
    tree.insert("romane")
    tree.insert("romanus")
    tree.insert("romulus")
    tree.insert("rubens")
    tree.insert("ruber")
    tree.insert("rubicon")
    tree.insert("rubicundus")
    #            r
    #           /  \
    #          /    \
    #         /      \
    #        /        \
    #       om        ub
    #      /  \      /  \
    #     an  ulus  e    ic
    #    / \       / \   / \
    #   e   us    ns  r on  undus
    print("Preorder Tree Data ")
    #  Tree Tree nodes
    tree.printPreorder(tree.root)
end

main()

Output

Preorder Tree Data 
r
om
an
e
us
ulus
ub
e
ns
r
ic
on
undus

import scala.collection.mutable._;
// Scala Program for
// Radix tree insert
class TreeNode(var label: String,
    var child: ArrayBuffer[TreeNode])
{
    def this()
    {
        this("", new ArrayBuffer[TreeNode]())
    }
    def this(value: String)
    {
        this(value, new ArrayBuffer[TreeNode]())
    }
}
class RadixTree(var root: TreeNode)
{
    def this()
    {
        this(new TreeNode(""));
    }
    def matchingCharacters(word: String, node: TreeNode): Int = {
        var matches: Int = 0;
        var minLength: Int = 0;
        if (node.label.length() >= word.length())
        {
            minLength = word.length();
        }
        else if (node.label.length() < word.length())
        {
            minLength = node.label.length();
        }
        if (minLength > 0)
        {
            var i: Int = 0;
            // Count matches characters
            while (i < minLength)
            {
                if (word.charAt(i) == node.label.charAt(i))
                {
                    // When characters are same
                    matches += 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    // When characters are not same
                    return matches;
                }
                i += 1;
            }
        }
        // Return the current number of matches
        return matches;
    }
    // Add node in proper place
    def insertProcess(word: String, node: TreeNode): Unit = {
        var matches: Int = matchingCharacters(word, node);
        if ((matches == 0) || (node == root) || ((matches > 0) && 
         (matches < word.length()) && (matches >= node.label.length())))
        {
            var inserted: Boolean = false;
            var newWordPart: String = word.substring(matches, word.length());
            var i: Int = 0;
            while (i < node.child.size)
            {
                if (node.child(i).label.startsWith(
                  "" + newWordPart.charAt(0).toString()))
                {
                    inserted = true;
                    insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child(i));
                }
                i += 1;
            }
            if (inserted == false)
            {
                // Add new part
                node.child += new TreeNode(newWordPart);
            }
        }
        else if (matches < word.length())
        {
            var commonRoot: String = word.substring(0, matches);
            var branchPreviouslabel: String = node.label.substring(
              matches, node.label.length());
            var branchNewlabel: String = word.substring(
              matches, word.length());
            node.label = commonRoot;
            var newNodePreviouslabel: TreeNode = 
              new TreeNode(branchPreviouslabel);
            var i: Int = 0;
            // Add current node child to new node
            while (i < node.child.size)
            {
                newNodePreviouslabel.child += node.child(i);
                i += 1;
            }
            // Clear node element
            node.child.clear();
            // Add new node
            node.child += newNodePreviouslabel;
            // Add branch new label
            node.child += new TreeNode(branchNewlabel);
        }
        else if (matches > node.label.length())
        {
            var newLabel: String = node.label.substring(
              node.label.length(), word.length());
            // Add new label
            node.child += new TreeNode(newLabel);
        }
    }
    def insert(word: String): Unit = {
        this.insertProcess(word, this.root);
    }
    // Display the preorder of tree elements
    def printPreorder(node: TreeNode): Unit = {
        if (node == null)
        {
            return;
        }
        // Display node value
        println(node.label);
        var i: Int = 0;
        while (i < node.child.size)
        {
            // Visit child node
            printPreorder(node.child(i));
            i += 1;
        }
    }
}
object Main
{
    def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
        var tree: RadixTree = new RadixTree();
        // Add tree node
        tree.insert("romane");
        tree.insert("romanus");
        tree.insert("romulus");
        tree.insert("rubens");
        tree.insert("ruber");
        tree.insert("rubicon");
        tree.insert("rubicundus");
        /*
                    r
                   /  \
                  /    \
                 /      \
                /        \
               om        ub
              /  \      /  \
             an  ulus  e    ic
            / \       / \   / \
           e   us    ns  r on  undus
        */
        print("Preorder Tree Data ");
        // Tree Tree nodes
        tree.printPreorder(tree.root);
    }
}

Output

Preorder Tree Data
r
om
an
e
us
ulus
ub
e
ns
r
ic
on
undus
// Kotlin Program for
// Radix tree insert
class TreeNode
{
    var label: String;
    var child: MutableList < TreeNode > ; 
    constructor()
    {
        this.label = "";
        this.child = mutableListOf < TreeNode > ();
    }
    constructor(value: String)
    {
        this.label = value;
        this.child = mutableListOf < TreeNode > ();
    }
}
class RadixTree
{
    var root: TreeNode ? ;
    constructor()
    {
        this.root = TreeNode("");
    }
    fun matchingCharacters(word: String, node: TreeNode ? ): Int
    {
        var matches: Int = 0;
        var minLength: Int = 0;
        if (node!!.label.length >= word.length)
        {
            minLength = word.length;
        }
        else if (node.label.length < word.length)
        {
            minLength = node.label.length;
        }
        if (minLength > 0)
        {
            var i: Int = 0;
            // Count matches characters
            while (i < minLength)
            {
                if (word.get(i) == node.label.get(i))
                {
                    // When characters are same
                    matches += 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    // When characters are not same
                    return matches;
                }
                i += 1;
            }
        }
        // Return the current number of matches
        return matches;
    }
    // Add node in proper place
    fun insertProcess(word: String, node: TreeNode ? ): Unit
    {
        val matches: Int = this.matchingCharacters(word, node);
        if ((matches == 0) || (node == this.root) || 
            ((matches > 0) && (matches < word.length) && 
             (matches >= node!!.label.length)))
        {
            var inserted: Boolean = false;
            val newWordPart: String = word.substring(matches, word.length);
            var i: Int = 0;
            while (i < node!!.child.size)
            {
                if (node.child[i].label.startsWith(
                    "" + newWordPart.get(0).toString()))
                {
                    inserted = true;
                    this.insertProcess(newWordPart, node.child[i]);
                }
                i += 1;
            }
            if (inserted == false)
            {
                // Add new part
                node.child.add(TreeNode(newWordPart));
            }
        }
        else if (matches < word.length)
        {
            val commonRoot: String = word.substring(0, matches);
            val branchPreviouslabel: String = node!!.label.substring(
              matches, node.label.length);
            val branchNewlabel: String = word.substring(
              matches, word.length);
            node.label = commonRoot;
            val newNodePreviouslabel: TreeNode = TreeNode(
              branchPreviouslabel);
            var i: Int = 0;
            // Add current node child to new node
            while (i < node.child.size)
            {
                newNodePreviouslabel.child.add(node.child[i]);
                i += 1;
            }
            // Clear node element
            node.child.clear();
            // Add new node
            node.child.add(newNodePreviouslabel);
            // Add branch new label
            node.child.add(TreeNode(branchNewlabel));
        }
        else if (matches > node!!.label.length)
        {
            val newLabel: String = node.label.substring(
              node.label.length, word.length);
            // Add new label
            node.child.add(TreeNode(newLabel));
        }
    }
    fun insert(word: String): Unit
    {
        this.insertProcess(word, this.root);
    }
    // Display the preorder of tree elements
    fun printPreorder(node: TreeNode ? ): Unit
    {
        if (node == null)
        {
            return;
        }
        // Display node value
        println(node.label);
        var i: Int = 0;
        while (i < node.child.size)
        {
            // Visit child node
            this.printPreorder(node.child[i]);
            i += 1;
        }
    }
}
fun main(args: Array < String > ): Unit
{
    val tree: RadixTree = RadixTree();
    // Add tree node
    tree.insert("romane");
    tree.insert("romanus");
    tree.insert("romulus");
    tree.insert("rubens");
    tree.insert("ruber");
    tree.insert("rubicon");
    tree.insert("rubicundus");
    /*
                r
               /  \
              /    \
             /      \
            /        \
           om        ub
          /  \      /  \
         an  ulus  e    ic
        / \       / \   / \
       e   us    ns  r on  undus
    */
    print("Preorder Tree Data ");
    // Tree Tree nodes
    tree.printPreorder(tree.root);
}

Output

Preorder Tree Data
r
om
an
e
us
ulus
ub
e
ns
r
ic
on
undus


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