Python Modules
Modules is collection of class and methods. used of those module in our program there are need to include (import) that. after that we capable to use function attributes in our program. In this post we are learn about how to use python packages in our program.
Perdefind Modules
Python are provides large number of modules, that module are available when install python. that package are very useful because that are reduce programmer efforts and save coding time. let view this example to display all available python modules.
#displaying all available modules
help('modules')Output
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
BaseHTTPServer audiodev imputil shelve
Bastion audioop indicator_keyboard shlex
CDROM base64 inspect shutil
CGIHTTPServer bdb io signal
Canvas binascii ipaddress signatures
ConfigParser binhex itertools site
Cookie bisect json sitecustomize
Crypto bottle keyword six
DLFCN bottle_server lib2to3 smtpd
Dialog bsddb linecache smtplib
DocXMLRPCServer bz2 linuxaudiodev sndhdr
FileDialog cPickle locale socket
FixTk cProfile lockfile softwareproperties
HTMLParser cStringIO logging spwd
IN cachecontrol lsb_release sqlite3
LIVE_exec_js caches macpath sre
LIVE_exec_py2 calendar macurl2path sre_compile
LIVE_exec_py3 cgi mailbox sre_constants
MimeWriter cgitb mailcap sre_parse
Queue chardet markupbase ssl
ScrolledText chunk marshal stat
SimpleDialog cmath math statvfs
SimpleHTTPServer cmd md5 string
SimpleXMLRPCServer code mhlib stringold
SocketServer codecs mimetools stringprep
StringIO codeop mimetypes strop
TYPES collections mimify struct
Tix colorama mmap subprocess
Tkconstants colorsys modulefinder sunau
Tkdnd command multifile sunaudio
Tkinter commands multiprocessing symbol
UserDict compileall mutex symtable
UserList compiler mysql syntax_err_survey
UserString contextlib netrc sys
_LWPCookieJar contrib new sysconfig
_MozillaCookieJar cookielib nis syslog
__builtin__ copy nntplib tabnanny
__future__ copy_reg ntpath talloc
_abcoll crypt nturl2path tarfile
_ast csv numbers telnetlib
_backport ctypes opcode tempfile
_bisect curl operator termios
_bsddb curses optparse test
_codecs datetime os textwrap
_codecs_cn dbhash os2emxpath this
_codecs_hk dbm ossaudiodev thread
_codecs_iso2022 debconf packages threading
_codecs_jp decimal packaging time
_codecs_kr difflib paramiko timeit
_codecs_tw dircache parser tkColorChooser
_collections dis pdb tkCommonDialog
_csv distlib pexpect tkFileDialog
_ctypes distutils pg_encoder tkFont
_ctypes_test doctest pg_logger tkMessageBox
_curses doctest_exec pickle tkSimpleDialog
_curses_panel doctest_reader pickletools toaiff
_elementtree doctest_splitter pip token
_functools dumbdbm pipes tokenize
_hashlib dummy_thread pkg_resources tool
_heapq dummy_threading pkgutil trace
_hotshot easy_install platform traceback
_io ecdsa plistlib treeadapters
_json email popen2 treebuilders
_locale encodings poplib treewalkers
_lsprof ensurepip posix trie
_md5 errno posixfile ttk
_multibytecodec error_log posixpath tty
_multiprocessing eureka_survey pprint turtle
_osx_support exceptions profile types
_pyio extern progress unicodedata
_random fcntl pstats unittest
_sha filecmp pty urllib
_sha256 fileinput ptyprocess urllib2
_sha512 filters pwd urllib3
_socket fnmatch py_compile urlparse
_sqlite3 formatter pyclbr user
_sre fpectl pycurl util
_ssl fpformat pydoc uu
_strptime fractions pydoc_data uuid
_struct ftplib pyexpat viz_interaction
_symtable functools pyodbc warnings
_sysconfigdata future_builtins pyparsing wave
_sysconfigdata_nd gc pysqlite2 weakref
_testcapi generate_json_trace quopri web_exec_c
_threading_local genericpath random web_exec_cpp
_vendor getopt re web_exec_java
_warnings getpass readline web_exec_js
_weakref gettext repr web_exec_py2
_weakrefset glob requests web_exec_py3
abc grp resource web_exec_py3anaconda
add_cache_busting_query_strings gzip retrying web_exec_ruby
aifc hashlib rexec web_exec_ts
antigravity heapq rfc822 webbrowser
anydbm hmac rlcompleter wheel
apt hotshot robotparser whichdb
apt_inst html5lib runpy wsgiref
apt_pkg htmlentitydefs runtime_err_survey xdrlib
aptsources htmllib sched xml
argparse httplib select xmllib
array ihooks serializer xmlrpclib
ast imaplib sets xxsubtype
asynchat imghdr setuptools zipfile
asyncore imp sgmllib zipimport
atexit importlib sha zlib
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose descriptions contain the word "spam".
BaseHTTPServer audiodev imputil shlex
Bastion audioop indicator_keyboard shutil
CDROM base64 inspect signal
CGIHTTPServer bdb io signatures
Canvas binascii ipaddress site
ConfigParser binhex itertools sitecustomize
Cookie bisect json six
Crypto bottle keyword smtpd
DLFCN bottle_server lib2to3 smtplib
Dialog bsddb linecache sndhdr
DocXMLRPCServer bz2 linuxaudiodev socket
FileDialog cPickle locale softwareproperties
FixTk cProfile logging spwd
HTMLParser cStringIO lsb_release sqlite3
IN cachecontrol macpath sre
LIVE_exec_js caches macurl2path sre_compile
LIVE_exec_py2 calendar mailbox sre_constants
LIVE_exec_py3 cgi mailcap sre_parse
MimeWriter cgitb markupbase ssl
Queue chardet marshal stat
ScrolledText chunk math statvfs
SimpleDialog cmath md5 string
SimpleHTTPServer cmd mhlib stringold
SimpleXMLRPCServer code mimetools stringprep
SocketServer codecs mimetypes strop
StringIO codeop mimify struct
TYPES collections mmap subprocess
Tix colorama modulefinder sunau
Tkconstants colorsys multifile sunaudio
Tkdnd command multiprocessing symbol
Tkinter commands mutex symtable
UserDict compileall mysql syntax_err_survey
UserList compiler netrc sys
UserString contextlib new sysconfig
_LWPCookieJar contrib nis syslog
_MozillaCookieJar cookielib nntplib tabnanny
__builtin__ copy ntpath talloc
__future__ copy_reg nturl2path tarfile
_abcoll crypt numbers telnetlib
_ast csv opcode tempfile
_backport ctypes operator termios
_bisect curl optparse test
_bsddb curses os textwrap
_codecs datetime os2emxpath this
_codecs_cn dbhash ossaudiodev thread
_codecs_hk dbm packages threading
_codecs_iso2022 debconf packaging time
_codecs_jp decimal paramiko timeit
_codecs_kr difflib parser tkColorChooser
_codecs_tw dircache pdb tkCommonDialog
_collections dis pexpect tkFileDialog
_csv distlib pg_encoder tkFont
_ctypes distutils pg_logger tkMessageBox
_ctypes_test doctest pickle tkSimpleDialog
_curses doctest_exec pickletools toaiff
_curses_panel doctest_reader pip token
_elementtree doctest_splitter pipes tokenize
_functools dumbdbm pkg_resources tool
_hashlib dummy_thread pkgutil trace
_heapq dummy_threading platform traceback
_hotshot easy_install plistlib treeadapters
_io ecdsa popen2 treebuilders
_json email poplib treewalkers
_locale encodings posix trie
_lsprof ensurepip posixfile ttk
_md5 errno posixpath tty
_multibytecodec error_log pprint turtle
_multiprocessing eureka_survey profile types
_osx_support exceptions progress unicodedata
_pyio extern pstats unittest
_random fcntl pty urllib
_sha filecmp ptyprocess urllib2
_sha256 fileinput pwd urllib3
_sha512 filters py_compile urlparse
_socket fnmatch pyclbr user
_sqlite3 formatter pycurl util
_sre fpectl pydoc uu
_ssl fpformat pydoc_data uuid
_strptime fractions pyexpat viz_interaction
_struct ftplib pyodbc warnings
_symtable functools pyparsing wave
_sysconfigdata future_builtins pysqlite2 weakref
_sysconfigdata_nd gc quopri web_exec_c
_testcapi generate_json_trace random web_exec_cpp
_threading_local genericpath re web_exec_java
_vendor getopt readline web_exec_js
_warnings getpass repr web_exec_py2
_weakref gettext requests web_exec_py3
_weakrefset glob resource web_exec_py3anaconda
abc grp retrying web_exec_ruby
add_cache_busting_query_strings gzip rexec web_exec_ts
aifc hashlib rfc822 webbrowser
antigravity heapq rlcompleter wheel
anydbm hmac robotparser whichdb
apt hotshot runpy wsgiref
apt_inst html5lib runtime_err_survey xdrlib
apt_pkg htmlentitydefs sched xml
aptsources htmllib select xmllib
argparse httplib serializer xmlrpclib
array ihooks sets xxsubtype
ast imaplib setuptools zipfile
asynchat imghdr sgmllib zipimport
asyncore imp sha zlib
atexit importlib shelve
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose descriptions contain the word "spam".
Note that there is possible your program are display different result. that is a way to display all available modules.
There is possible to check specified module within all class and method using dir() function. there is syntax as follows.
dir(check-module-name)For example
import sys #import the module
# display sys available function, and class
print(dir(sys))Output
['__displayhook__', '__doc__', '__excepthook__', '__interactivehook__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '__stderr__', '__stdin__', '__stdout__', '_clear_type_cache', '_current_frames', '_debugmallocstats', '_getframe', '_home', '_mercurial', '_xoptions', 'abiflags', 'api_version', 'argv', 'base_exec_prefix', 'base_prefix', 'builtin_module_names', 'byteorder', 'call_tracing', 'callstats', 'copyright', 'displayhook', 'dont_write_bytecode', 'exc_info', 'excepthook', 'exec_prefix', 'executable', 'exit', 'flags', 'float_info', 'float_repr_style', 'get_coroutine_wrapper', 'getallocatedblocks', 'getcheckinterval', 'getdefaultencoding', 'getdlopenflags', 'getfilesystemencoding', 'getprofile', 'getrecursionlimit', 'getrefcount', 'getsizeof', 'getswitchinterval', 'gettrace', 'hash_info', 'hexversion', 'implementation', 'int_info', 'intern', 'is_finalizing', 'maxsize', 'maxunicode', 'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'set_coroutine_wrapper', 'setcheckinterval', 'setdlopenflags', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'setswitchinterval', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'thread_info', 'version', 'version_info', 'warnoptions']
Another example display functions in math modules.
import math
print(dir(math))Output
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']There is big advantage of python we can get information about all available modules and within its function. But only name of not sufficient to access any function. there are need more information such as number of parameter, value of parameter and default value of parameter, and its returning results. so we can also get specified module information using help() function. for example.
import math
help(math) #module name mathOutput
NAME
math
DESCRIPTION
This module is always available. It provides access to the
mathematical functions defined by the C standard.
FUNCTIONS
acos(...)
acos(x)
Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.
acosh(...)
acosh(x)
Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
asin(...)
asin(x)
Return the arc sine (measured in radians) of x.
asinh(...)
asinh(x)
Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
atan(...)
atan(x)
Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of x.
atan2(...)
atan2(y, x)
Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of y/x.
Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both x and y are considered.
atanh(...)
atanh(x)
Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.
ceil(...)
ceil(x)
Return the ceiling of x as an Integral.
This is the smallest integer >= x.
copysign(...)
copysign(x, y)
Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign
of y. On platforms that support signed zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0)
returns -1.0.
cos(...)
cos(x)
Return the cosine of x (measured in radians).
cosh(...)
cosh(x)
Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.
degrees(...)
degrees(x)
Convert angle x from radians to degrees.
erf(...)
erf(x)
Error function at x.
erfc(...)
erfc(x)
"""
: more record
:
:
:
:
"""
Similar way we can check or get information about any module.
And also possible to get the information about user defined function definition. let take this example.
import inspect #include module
# user defined function
# this function are accepted 4 parameters
# last two is take default value
def ourMethod(self, param1, param2=None,param3=9):
return self
#provide function name to signature method
about = inspect.signature(ourMethod)
print(about) #display a function definitionOutput
(self, param1, param2=None, param3=9)
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