Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
The Longest Palindromic Subsequence (LPS) problem is a classic computer science problem related to finding the longest subsequence of a given string that is also a palindrome. A subsequence is a sequence of characters derived from the original string by deleting zero or more characters without changing the relative order of the remaining characters.
A palindrome is a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of characters that reads the same forward and backward (ignoring spaces, punctuation, and capitalization).
The task in the Longest Palindromic Subsequence problem is to find the length of the longest palindromic subsequence in a given string.
Explanation using Example
Let's consider the two test cases from the provided code:
Given : pewmoozdp
- -- -
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
- - --- or
- - - -- or
- -- --
Result : 5
Test A: text1 = "pewmoozdp"
The longest palindromic subsequence in "pewmoozdp" is "poop", which has a length of 4. Therefore, the output for
this test case is 4
.
Test B: text2 = "xbfdsafx"
The longest palindromic subsequence in "xbfdsafx" is "xfsfx", "xfdfx", or "xfafx", all of which have a length of 5.
Therefore, the output for this test case is 5
.
Pseudocode
maxValue(a, b)
if a > b
return a
return b
findLPS(text, start, ends)
if start == ends
return 1
if text[start] == text[ends] and start + 1 == ends
return 2
if text[start] == text[ends]
return findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2
return maxValue(findLPS(text, start, ends - 1), findLPS(text, start + 1, ends))
Algorithm Explanation
The findLPS
function is a recursive algorithm to find the length of the longest palindromic subsequence
in a given string. It takes three parameters: text
, start
, and ends
. The
variable text
represents the input string, while start
and ends
represent the
starting and ending indices of the current substring being processed.
The algorithm starts by checking two base cases:
- If
start
andends
point to the same character (i.e., a single character substring), then the function returns1
, as a single character is a palindrome by itself. - If the characters at
start
andends
are the same, and they are adjacent (i.e.,start + 1 == ends
), then the function returns2
, as the two characters form a palindrome.
Next, if the characters at start
and ends
are the same, the algorithm returns the length of
the palindrome formed by excluding the two characters at start
and ends
, plus
2
(to account for the two characters).
Finally, if the characters at start
and ends
are different, the algorithm recursively calls
itself on two subproblems: one by excluding the character at ends
and the other by excluding the
character at start
. The algorithm then returns the maximum of the two results, representing the length
of the longest palindromic subsequence for the current substring.
Code Solution
/*
C program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
int maxValue(int a, int b)
{
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
int findLPS(char *text, int start, int ends)
{
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends] && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends])
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return maxValue(findLPS(text, start, ends - 1), findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
int main(int argc, char
const *argv[])
{
char *text1 = "pewmoozdp";
char *text2 = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
int n = strlen(text1);
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
int ans = findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1);
printf("\n Given : %s ", text1);
printf("\n Result : %d", ans);
// Test B
n = strlen(text2);
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1);
printf("\n Given : %s ", text2);
printf("\n Result : %d", ans);
return 0;
}
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
/*
Java program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
public class LPS
{
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
public int maxValue(int a, int b)
{
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
public int findLPS(String text, int start, int ends)
{
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text.charAt(start) == text.charAt(ends) && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text.charAt(start) == text.charAt(ends))
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return maxValue(findLPS(text, start, ends - 1),
findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LPS task = new LPS();
String text1 = "pewmoozdp";
String text2 = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
int n = text1.length();
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
int ans = task.findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1);
System.out.print("\n Given : " + text1 );
System.out.print("\n Result : " + ans);
// Test B
n = text2.length();
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1);
System.out.print("\n Given : " + text2 );
System.out.print("\n Result : " + ans );
}
}
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
// Include header file
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/*
C++ program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
class LPS
{
public:
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
int maxValue(int a, int b)
{
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
int findLPS(string text, int start, int ends)
{
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends] && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends])
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return this->findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return this->maxValue(this->findLPS(text, start, ends - 1), this->findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
};
int main()
{
LPS *task = new LPS();
string text1 = "pewmoozdp";
string text2 = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
int n = text1.length();
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
int ans = task->findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1);
cout << "\n Given : " << text1;
cout << "\n Result : " << ans;
// Test B
n = text2.length();
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = task->findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1);
cout << "\n Given : " << text2;
cout << "\n Result : " << ans;
return 0;
}
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
// Include namespace system
using System;
/*
Csharp program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
public class LPS
{
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
public int maxValue(int a, int b)
{
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
public int findLPS(String text, int start, int ends)
{
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends] && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends])
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return this.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return this.maxValue(this.findLPS(text, start, ends - 1), this.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
LPS task = new LPS();
String text1 = "pewmoozdp";
String text2 = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
int n = text1.Length;
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
int ans = task.findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1);
Console.Write("\n Given : " + text1);
Console.Write("\n Result : " + ans);
// Test B
n = text2.Length;
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1);
Console.Write("\n Given : " + text2);
Console.Write("\n Result : " + ans);
}
}
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
package main
import "fmt"
/*
Go program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
func maxValue(a, b int) int {
if a > b {
return a
}
return b
}
func findLPS(text string, start int, ends int) int {
if start == ends {
// When single character remains
return 1
}
if text[start] == text[ends] && start + 1 == ends {
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2
}
if text[start] == text[ends] {
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2
}
return maxValue(findLPS(text, start, ends - 1), findLPS(text, start + 1, ends))
}
func main() {
var text1 string = "pewmoozdp"
var text2 string = "xbfdsafx"
// Test A
var n int = len(text1)
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
var ans int = findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1)
fmt.Print("\n Given : ", text1)
fmt.Print("\n Result : ", ans)
// Test B
n = len(text2)
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1)
fmt.Print("\n Given : ", text2)
fmt.Print("\n Result : ", ans)
}
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
<?php
/*
Php program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
class LPS
{
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
public function maxValue($a, $b)
{
if ($a > $b)
{
return $a;
}
return $b;
}
public function findLPS($text, $start, $ends)
{
if ($start == $ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if ($text[$start] == $text[$ends] && $start + 1 == $ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if ($text[$start] == $text[$ends])
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return $this->findLPS($text, $start + 1, $ends - 1) + 2;
}
return $this->maxValue($this->findLPS($text, $start, $ends - 1),
$this->findLPS($text, $start + 1, $ends));
}
}
function main()
{
$task = new LPS();
$text1 = "pewmoozdp";
$text2 = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
$n = strlen($text1);
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
$ans = $task->findLPS($text1, 0, $n - 1);
echo("\n Given : ".$text1);
echo("\n Result : ".$ans);
// Test B
$n = strlen($text2);
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
$ans = $task->findLPS($text2, 0, $n - 1);
echo("\n Given : ".$text2);
echo("\n Result : ".$ans);
}
main();
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
/*
Node JS program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
class LPS
{
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
maxValue(a, b)
{
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
findLPS(text, start, ends)
{
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text.charAt(start) == text.charAt(ends) && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text.charAt(start) == text.charAt(ends))
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return this.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return this.maxValue(this.findLPS(text, start, ends - 1),
this.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
}
function main()
{
var task = new LPS();
var text1 = "pewmoozdp";
var text2 = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
var n = text1.length;
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
var ans = task.findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1);
process.stdout.write("\n Given : " + text1);
process.stdout.write("\n Result : " + ans);
// Test B
n = text2.length;
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1);
process.stdout.write("\n Given : " + text2);
process.stdout.write("\n Result : " + ans);
}
main();
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
# Python 3 program for
# Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
class LPS :
# Returns the max value of given two numbers
def maxValue(self, a, b) :
if (a > b) :
return a
return b
def findLPS(self, text, start, ends) :
if (start == ends) :
# When single character remains
return 1
if (text[start] == text[ends] and start + 1 == ends) :
# When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2
if (text[start] == text[ends]) :
# Increase start value and reduce end value
# and find the recursively lps
return self.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2
return self.maxValue(self.findLPS(text, start, ends - 1),
self.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends))
def main() :
task = LPS()
text1 = "pewmoozdp"
text2 = "xbfdsafx"
# Test A
n = len(text1)
# "poop" is resultant palindrome
# Length 4
ans = task.findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1)
print("\n Given : ", text1, end = "")
print("\n Result : ", ans, end = "")
# Test B
n = len(text2)
# [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
# Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1)
print("\n Given : ", text2, end = "")
print("\n Result : ", ans, end = "")
if __name__ == "__main__": main()
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
# Ruby program for
# Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
class LPS
# Returns the max value of given two numbers
def maxValue(a, b)
if (a > b)
return a
end
return b
end
def findLPS(text, start, ends)
if (start == ends)
# When single character remains
return 1
end
if (text[start] == text[ends] && start + 1 == ends)
# When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2
end
if (text[start] == text[ends])
# Increase start value and reduce end value
# and find the recursively lps
return self.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2
end
return self.maxValue(self.findLPS(text, start, ends - 1),
self.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends))
end
end
def main()
task = LPS.new()
text1 = "pewmoozdp"
text2 = "xbfdsafx"
# Test A
n = text1.length
# "poop" is resultant palindrome
# Length 4
ans = task.findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1)
print("\n Given : ", text1)
print("\n Result : ", ans)
# Test B
n = text2.length
# [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
# Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1)
print("\n Given : ", text2)
print("\n Result : ", ans)
end
main()
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
/*
Scala program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
class LPS()
{
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
def maxValue(a: Int, b: Int): Int = {
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
def findLPS(text: String, start: Int, ends: Int): Int = {
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text.charAt(start) == text.charAt(ends) && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text.charAt(start) == text.charAt(ends))
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return maxValue(findLPS(text, start, ends - 1),
findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
}
object Main
{
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
var task: LPS = new LPS();
var text1: String = "pewmoozdp";
var text2: String = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
var n: Int = text1.length();
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
var ans: Int = task.findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1);
print("\n Given : " + text1);
print("\n Result : " + ans);
// Test B
n = text2.length();
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1);
print("\n Given : " + text2);
print("\n Result : " + ans);
}
}
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
import Foundation;
/*
Swift 4 program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
class LPS
{
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
func maxValue(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int
{
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
func findLPS(_ text: [Character], _ start: Int, _ ends: Int) -> Int
{
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends] && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text[start] == text[ends])
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return self.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return self.maxValue(self.findLPS(text, start, ends - 1),
self.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
}
func main()
{
let task: LPS = LPS();
let text1: String = "pewmoozdp";
let text2: String = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
var n: Int = text1.count;
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
var ans: Int = task.findLPS(Array(text1), 0, n - 1);
print("\n Given : ", text1, terminator: "");
print("\n Result : ", ans, terminator: "");
// Test B
n = text2.count;
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(Array(text2), 0, n - 1);
print("\n Given : ", text2, terminator: "");
print("\n Result : ", ans, terminator: "");
}
main();
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
/*
Kotlin program for
Longest palindromic subsequence using recursion
*/
class LPS
{
// Returns the max value of given two numbers
fun maxValue(a: Int, b: Int): Int
{
if (a > b)
{
return a;
}
return b;
}
fun findLPS(text: String, start: Int, ends: Int): Int
{
if (start == ends)
{
// When single character remains
return 1;
}
if (text.get(start) == text.get(ends) && start + 1 == ends)
{
// When two consecutive elements are same character
return 2;
}
if (text.get(start) == text.get(ends))
{
// Increase start value and reduce end value
// and find the recursively lps
return this.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends - 1) + 2;
}
return this.maxValue(this.findLPS(text, start, ends - 1), this.findLPS(text, start + 1, ends));
}
}
fun main(args: Array < String > ): Unit
{
val task: LPS = LPS();
val text1: String = "pewmoozdp";
val text2: String = "xbfdsafx";
// Test A
var n: Int = text1.length;
// "poop" is resultant palindrome
// Length 4
var ans: Int = task.findLPS(text1, 0, n - 1);
print("\n Given : " + text1);
print("\n Result : " + ans);
// Test B
n = text2.length;
// [xfsfx,xfdfx,xfafx] is resultant palindrome
// Length 5
ans = task.findLPS(text2, 0, n - 1);
print("\n Given : " + text2);
print("\n Result : " + ans);
}
Output
Given : pewmoozdp
Result : 4
Given : xbfdsafx
Result : 5
Time Complexity
The time complexity of the provided algorithm is exponential, specifically O(2^n)
, where n
is the length of the input string. This is because the algorithm explores all possible subsequences of the input
string using recursion, and for each character, there are two possibilities (either include it in the subsequence or
exclude it).
Resultant Output Explanation
For Test A with text1 = "pewmoozdp"
, the algorithm finds the length of the longest palindromic
subsequence, which is 4
(e.g., "poop"). The output is 4
, which is the expected result.
For Test B with text2 = "xbfdsafx"
, the algorithm finds the length of the longest palindromic
subsequence, which is 5
(e.g., "xfsfx", "xfdfx", or "xfafx"). The output is 5
, which is
the expected result.
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